An introduction to complex trauma

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Complex trauma is a multifaceted condition affecting individuals who have experienced prolonged and repeated trauma, often during childhood or adolescence. It is increasingly recognised as a significant public health concern due to its profound and long-lasting impacts.

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How does it differ from single-event trauma?

Unlike single-event traumas, complex trauma stems from exposure to forms of abuse, neglect or violence within the context of relationships, often within the family. This can include emotional, physical or sexual abuse, or witnessing domestic violence and substance abuse over extended periods.

One of the defining features of complex trauma is its relational nature. It is inflicted by those who are supposed to provide care and protection, which can shatter an individual’s sense of safety and attachment. This betrayal of trust can impact the individual’s ability to form and maintain healthy relationships. More information can be found about complex trauma and associated outcomes here.

Trauma informed practice training is recommended for professionals dealing with complex trauma. Providers such as https://www.tidaltraining.co.uk/mental-health-training-courses/trauma-informed-practice-training have specialist modules in this area.

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What is the impact of complex trauma?

People who have experienced complex trauma exhibit a range of symptoms:

Emotional dysregulation: difficulty managing intense emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, and shame.

Dissociation: a coping mechanism whereby individuals mentally disconnect from their thoughts, feelings and surroundings to escape distress.

Hypervigilance: a heightened state of alertness and sensitivity to potential threats, even in safe environments.

Impaired self-esteem and identity: feelings of worthlessness, self-blame, and a fragmented sense of self.

Difficulty in forming and maintaining relationships: trust issues, fear of intimacy, and difficulties with boundaries.

Physical health problems: chronic pain, autoimmune disorders and other stress-related illnesses may manifest as a result of complex trauma.

Trauma informed practice for people with complex trauma typically involves a holistic approach, addressing psychological, emotional, physical and relational aspects.